This weekend I read Brett Pulley’s The Billion Dollar BET: Robert Johnson and the Inside Story of Black Entertainment Television. Pulley details Robert “Bob” Johnson’s path from poor kid from Mississippi to cofounder of BET and billionaire.

When Bob landed John Malone’s investment in BET, he’d never run a business. He asked Malone for advice (after getting the investment check). Malone was direct: “Get your revenue up and keep your costs down.”  Bob took that advice to heart and combined it with a mercenary founder mentality to find a profitable content strategy.

Bob couldn’t afford to produce content on par with broadcast networks like NBC and CBS. He needed something else. Music videos were the new craze, but Black artists weren’t being played on MTV. BET got promotional videos from record labels free of charge and aired them. Viewers loved them, and artists loved getting national exposure.

Bob had hit on a winning strategy: Find a form of entertainment with high Black demand not being satisfied by other networks and a large supply of Black talent. By connecting supply to demand, he added value to both sides. Also important was that the talent valued the national exposure it couldn’t get anywhere else and didn’t expect much, if any, compensation. Bob had found a highly profitable content strategy.

ESPN launched and was a success. Bob noticed that ESPN didn’t broadcast games played by Black colleges. BET began broadcasting football and basketball games from well-known Black colleges such as Grambling and Jackson State. He made sure to broadcast the half-time performances of school marching bands and dance teams, something Black communities enjoy to this day. BET could broadcast games for less than $15,000 per game, while networks like ABC paid up to $50,000 per game. Black colleges enjoyed the national exposure, viewers enjoyed watching games they couldn’t watch anywhere else, and BET got exclusive low-cost programming.

Bob also noticed there were many talented but undiscovered comedians. BET launched ComicView, and the show became one of its most successful shows ever. The show propelled the careers of now-famous comedians such as D.L Hughley, Cedric the Entertainer, and Kevin Hart. Keeping costs down was taken too far, though. The result was a mini public relations crisis. BET learned from this and modestly increased pay to comedians and moved production from Los Angeles to Atlanta, whose comedians were plentiful and non-union. A one-hour episode of ComicView cost $18,500 to produce—while “inexpensive” half-hour sitcoms cost big networks $500,000 an episode and hits like Friends cost over $6 million an episode.

Bob’s focus on entertainment content gained him critics in the Black community. But his goal was clear: generate profits and become wealthy. He aligned his content strategy with that goal. Advertisers were paying BET rates that were less than half of those they paid MTV and other networks, yet when Viacom acquired BET for $2.3 billion in 2000, BET’s profit margins were the highest in the industry and strongly influenced Sumner Redstone’s decision.

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Reading about John Malone and TCI’s early BET investment led me to Sheila Johnson and Robert “Bob” Johnson, BET’s founders. I read Sheila’s autobiography and just finished reading The Billion Dollar BET: Robert Johnson and the Inside Story of Black Entertainment Television by Brett Pulley. The book details Bob’s journey before, during, and after BET.

Bob Johnson grew up a poor kid from Mississippi and was the first person in his family to attend college. But Johnson didn’t let his starting position define him. He found creative ways to overcome obstacles. How he launched BET is a great example.  

Johnson was a cable association lobbyist. He knew Malone needed low-cost programming that appealed to the large Black audience covered by a cable system Malone acquired in Memphis, Tennessee. Johnson saw an opportunity to create a nationwide Black cable network. Johnson understood the cable industry at a high level—but not how to start a cable network. He needed a plan.

Ken Silverman was launching a network for viewers age 50 and older and asked Johnson to lobby for him. Johnson realized that Silverman’s plan was a blueprint that could be applied to the network he envisioned. He got Silverman’s permission to modify and use the plan. Johnson changed “elderly” to “Black” and had a plan demonstrating that his idea made business sense.

Johnson still needed capital. He needed time on a satellite to transmit his channel to various cable systems, which was a major expense. He budgeted $10 million for leasing a satellite and other start-up expenses. An investor was interested in his idea, but $10 million was too much—more than the investor’s entire fund. Raising $10 million wasn’t an option.

Bob Rosencrans had just started what would become USA Networks. Rosencrans was leasing a satellite but had two problems: He didn’t have enough programming to fill time slots 24/7, and he needed to increase subscriber revenue (so he needed more subscribers). Johnson saw an opportunity. He asked Rosencrans to give him two hours on Friday nights free of charge for Black programming. That would help Rosencrans, so he agreed.

Johnson's original plan required a satellite lease and a studio to transmit to the satellite. His agreement with Rosencrans eliminated those costs, so he needed only a fraction of the $10 million he originally sought.

With a business plan in hand, distribution in place, and a lean $500,000 start-up budget, Johnson pitched Malone. Malone was impressed. He invested $180,000 for 20% ownership in BET and provided a $320,000 loan.

Johnson had zero entrepreneurial experience, but nevertheless he managed to reduce the amount of investor capital he needed to raise by 95% and turned his idea into reality by leveraging partnerships. If Johnson couldn’t overcome a hurdle or didn’t understand something, that didn’t stop him—he found someone who could help him and creatively partnered with them. His use of partnerships has been a key strategy throughout his career.

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I finished reading Distant Force: A Memoir of the Teledyne Corporation and the Man Who Created It. The book didn’t give me as much detail about Henry Singleton’s struggles as a founder as a biography would have. But it did provide details of strategies that made him a great master capital allocator and entrepreneur and that made Teledyne successful during his tenure as CEO.

Here are a few things about Singleton that stood out to me:

• Age – Singleton didn’t found Teledyne until he was 43.
• Missionary founder – From the start, Singleton was very clear about what he wanted to build. When asked, he replied, “I’m trying to create another GE.” Singleton was solely focused on creating a conglomerate that rivaled General Electric. That mission informed his decision-making over the next thirty years.
• Growing market – Singleton recognized the importance of semiconductors when the technology was still new and unknown. Because of the growth potential of the semiconductor market, he made it the base of Teledyne. In Teledyne’s early days, he bought small companies with growth potential in the semiconductor space. As the semiconductor market grew, Teledyne’s market grew rapidly, too.
• Cloning – Singleton knew that a lot could be learned from others. He was open to borrowing ideas. His foray into insurance was borrowed from a book written by GM’s chairman. The chairman learned, through a painful experience involving failed financing, that a growing public company with a strong financial base needs an internal finance company. Singleton borrowed this idea and expanded by building a massive insurance operation. Years later, Warren Buffett apparently borrowed from Singleton’s insurance playbook for Berkshire Hathaway.
• Zigzagging – Singleton was a first-principles, independent thinker. He was flexible in his thinking and execution. As market conditions changed, so did his thinking and strategy. He quickly adapted to new realities and often took actions others considered abnormal. For example, when the P/E multiple of Teledyne’s stock went from a range of thirty to seventy times earnings (overvalued) in the 1960s to roughly nine times earnings (undervalued) in the ’70s and ’80s, he stopped acquiring companies with Teledyne stock beginning in 1969. He began aggressively repurchasing shares in the ’70s and ’80s. This was unheard of at the time, but eventually it was mimicked.
• Twin tailwinds – Singleton recognized and took advantage of two simultaneous forces. More details on this here.
• Cash flow and profits – Singleton focused on making sure revenue was profitable and that customers were paying promptly. He created a metric to measure this consistently across Teledyne’s hundreds of operating companies. More detail on this here.

I enjoyed learning about Singleton and Teledyne. I’m glad I was able to locate a copy of this hard-to-find book.

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I’m finishing Distant Force: A Memoir of the Teledyne Corporation and the Man Who Created It. The book details Teledyne’s rise from inception to conglomerate with billions in revenue and hundreds of operating companies. This book interested me because I was curious to learn the specifics of how Henry Singleton developed and executed his capital allocation strategy—the same strategy Warren Buffett likely borrowed from to build Berkshire Hathaway.

The book details how Teledyne managed its sprawling operations and evaluated the performance of each operating company. I assumed that Singleton used free cash flow or something similar to measure each operating company’s financial performance. I was wrong. Singleton created his own metric, the Teledyne return, which measured profitability and net cash flow in a single number.

The Teledyne return was an average of net cash flow and profit. The book gives the following example:

• Reported profit: $1,000,000
• Reported cash flow: $500,000
• Teledyne return: $750,000 = ($1,000,000 + $500,000)/2

The company’s thinking was this: Your profit was $1,000,000, but you received only $500,000 in cash. We’ll credit you fully for profits booked and received as cash. We’ll give you credit for some of the profit booked but not yet collected.

This single metric forced company presidents to focus on profit and cash flow simultaneously. It also allowed Teledyne corporate to standardize its comparison of operating company results.

I’ve seen profits or cash flow used to evaluate financial performance, but I never thought a singular focus on either made sense. When I ran my company, I kept a close eye on free cash flow and net income. By looking at both, I was ensuring that we were generating profitable revenue and that we collected revenue faster than we had to pay our expenses.

Singleton’s Teledyne return is a creative way to force managers to focus on what matters most. For entrepreneurs it’s a financial metric worth considering if it makes sense for their specific business.

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Today, I finished reading The Almanack of Naval Ravikant by Eric Jorgenson. The section on wisdom and judgment caught my attention. He starts by defining the two:

• Wisdom – Knowing the long-term consequences of your actions
• Judgment – Wisdom applied to external problems

Then he says they’re tightly linked. You need to know the long-term consequences of your actions and then capitalize on that understanding by making the right decision to get the desired outcome.

Naval says judgment is underrated but most important in the modern leverage age. One correct decision can lead to a massive win.

Entrepreneurs learn from experience—their own or others’. Experience gives them the wisdom to understand what actions are available and the likely outcomes of each.

Wisdom is helpful in itself, but as Naval says, applying it is most important. How to apply wisdom to your situation isn’t always obvious or easy, but the most successful entrepreneurs I know have mastered applying wisdom to get the outcome they want.

Your ability to apply wisdom—what Naval calls judgment—is the key to outsize entrepreneurial success.

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In every entrepreneurial story I’ve heard, luck played a role to one degree or another. I’m a big believer in luck, and I think it’s possible to manufacture your own luck.

I’m finishing reading The Almanack of Naval Ravikant by Eric Jorgenson. This book shares Naval’s thinking around several types of luck:

• Blind luck – Something completely out of your control happened, and it benefited you.
• Persistence luck – You’re taking actions that set things in motion and result in something happening to you. Think working hard, hustling, or shaking a bunch of trees to see what happens. You’re creating forces that could generate a lucky break.
• Spotting luck – You’re knowledgeable in a field and able to spot a lucky break in that field. Your specific knowledge allows you to see and understand what’s happening before others do.
• Magnetic luck (my wording, not his) – You’ve built something that attracts others, who’ve gotten lucky, to you. You might have a unique brand or specific skill. People want to be associated with that brand or need your skill set to help them capitalize on an opportunity.

The first three types of luck are straightforward. The fourth is the “hardest kind of luck” to get.

I’m a fan of persistence luck and magnetic luck. Both are good ways to manufacture luck that anyone can take advantage of. A big difference between the two is the time frame. Persistence luck often optimizes for luck in the short term. You can take action tomorrow, and you might get lucky tomorrow. But magnetic luck is the “hardest kind of luck”—a long-term game. You’re building something, maybe a reputation or skills, over time. This requires commitment. But when this work is done, luck goes from being something that happens by chance to, as Naval says, “your destiny.”

If you’re interested in this book, it’s available for free. You can download the e-book file or PDF here.

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Leverage is the ability to multiply the output of your efforts. You achieve more with the same level of effort. Leverage allows you to 10x or more your outcome.

Today I started reading The Almanack of Naval Ravikant by Eric Jorgenson. You can download the e-book file or PDF for free here. Naval thinks about leverage in three classes:

• Labor – Having other humans work for you. You can get more accomplished if others are working on something than you could by yourself. This is the oldest form of leverage and likely the hardest to use. Managing people isn’t easy.
• Capital – Having money work for you. You can magnify your decisions with money. Entrepreneurs use capital leverage by borrowing money to help their company grow, while investors borrow money to purchase investments. More on this type of leverage here. This is likely the most dominant form of leverage used to accumulate wealth over the last century.
• Products with zero cost of marginal replication – Having your product work for you. Duplication of these products costs little or nothing. Think software or media. You write the code once (assuming you don’t update it) or record the video once. Your cost is the same whether one person or one million people buy the software or watch the video. This is the newest form of leverage and has been used by the new billionaires.

Naval also shares why the last of these forms of leverage is so powerful and the most democratic, accessible by all.

Labor and capital leverage require someone else’s permission before you can use them. People must agree to work for you or agree to give you capital. This limits who can take advantage of these forms of leverage. You can have the best business idea, but if people won’t work for you or give you money, the size of the business is capped.

Products with zero cost of marginal replication are permissionless. You can write software, create a video game, write a book, or record a YouTube video and share it anytime. If your product resonates with others, they can buy or consume it without your incurring additional costs. The upside potential of these types of products is hypothetically unlimited.

The book says we now live in an age of limitless leverage where the economic rewards have never been higher.

Naval’s thinking about leverage is simple and thought-provoking, especially for entrepreneurs.

If you're interested in hearing Naval discuss leverage in more detail, you can listen here.

I’m looking forward to finishing this book and sharing my takeaways.

You can listen to audio versions of my blog posts on Apple here and Spotify here.

Over the last two or three weeks, I’ve learned about mercenary builders like John Malone, Robert “Bob” Johnson, and Willis Johnson by reading books about their journeys. I’ve also spent time thinking about my own journey and the journeys of friends who are entrepreneurs. I’m starting to adjust my thinking on mercenary builders.

I used to give more weight to missionary founders, likely because they have a clear idea about what problem they’re solving and what the end game looks like (they have a vision). How they’ll get there isn’t known, but where they want to go is.

My criteria for evaluating mercenary and missionary founders were the same. I was dinging mercenary founders because they hadn’t figured “it” out. I was subconsciously saying, I want to know where the ride’s going before I agree to get on. That was a mistake and ignored my own experience and that of others around me who were wildly successful mercenaries.

Going forward, my criteria will be different. I’ll spend time developing a framework to evaluate mercenaries, but one thing is crystal clear: working with mercenaries with questionable values or ethics isn’t something I want to do.

Where mercenaries end up can be unpredictable, and that’s okay. They’re shaking trees, seeing what falls, and picking up and running with the best opportunity until they find “the one.” How mercenaries go about this journey matters—they’ll often be presented with questionable paths or choices that could be lucrative. Strong values and ethics will guide mercenaries and stop them from engaging in questionable behavior that could be financially rewarding. I’m happy to be part of the ride, but not if by-any-means-necessary methods power it. I want to win the right way, not any way, and I want to work with people who think that way. The end never justifies questionable means.

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According to Verne Harnish, only four percent of businesses in the United States have annual revenue of more than $1 million. If true, that means that most businesses are truly small businesses. I remember when my company had less than $1 million in revenue (it was painful) and when we were larger, with $10 million in revenue. From a resource perspective, $10 million was better, but still inadequate. I was always looking for ways to do more with less.

I regularly think about how many entrepreneurs run small businesses in the U.S. and the tough position they’re in. With their limited resources, they need all the help they can get. Anything that helps them do something they couldn’t do before or more of what they were already doing with the same resources is valuable.

My experience as one of these entrepreneurs informs my investment thesis about enabling small and midsize businesses (SMBs). The thesis is broad, but so are the types of business SMB entrepreneurs run.

Lately, I’ve gotten more excited about this thesis. I think some people overlook something when they’re evaluating the market of SMB entrepreneurs: A rapidly growing number of people want more control over their lives. They view owning a business as the path to getting it and the path to economic freedom. They don’t have a specific problem in mind; rather, they’re open to entrepreneurial opportunities that check this box. I think that in turn, this group of entrepreneurs present an opportunity for others. Entrepreneurs who remove friction and make it easier for these aspiring founders to start and run businesses will create massive value for this group—and in the process, build large businesses with big, loyal customer bases.

I think the SMB market is bigger than some realize and likely poised for growth. From my reading of history, helping other people build businesses and achieve economic freedom has been a great playbook for building one’s own rapidly growing and massive business with passionate, loyal customers.

You can listen to audio versions of my blog posts on Apple here and Spotify here.

My first two posts about Sheila Johnson’s autobiography (here and here) didn’t do her journey justice. After entrepreneurs achieve success or wealth, they often struggle less. Not Sheila Johnson, to my surprise:

Age 0 to 21

• Moved thirteen times as a child.
• Her mother had a nervous breakdown and struggled financially when her father left.
• Kicked out of the University of Illinois orchestra and lost her scholarship because she pursued cheerleading.

Age 22 to 50

• Struggled with infertility for years.
• Newborn son died one hour after birth.
• Sister-in-law embezzled from BET.
• Learned of husband’s affair with an early BET employee when served with a lawsuit.
• BET’s CFO embezzled $2 million.
• Husband had an affair with a BET executive.
• Fired from BET after questioning husband’s affair.
• Relocated from DC to Middleburg, Virginia, to escape public humiliation.
• Divorced.

Age 51 to 75 (today)

• Two years of depression after selling BET.
• Thrown from a horse and nearly killed when the horse stomped on her chest, narrowly missing her heart.
• Received death threats and verbal attacks for years from Middleburg residents opposed to her planned resort.
• Denied bank funding for resort projects; forced to personally fund them.
• Global financial crisis forced a two-year construction pause on resorts.
• Endured nightmares and panic attacks for years.

The above list isn’t comprehensive, but you get the idea. What stood out to me was what she still managed to accomplish:

Age 0 to 21

• First-chair violinist for Illinois All-State Orchestra.
• University of Illinois’s first Black cheerleader.
• Graduated from the University of Illinois.

Age 22 to 50

• Started a youth orchestra, which performed internationally.  
• Started a full-time private music instruction business, which operated for seventeen years.
• Landed acting roles for extra income.
• Flipped a home with money made from acting.
• Wrote music textbooks for income.
• Traveled internationally with the University of Illinois String Research Project.
• Adopted two children.
• Cofounded BET.
• Helped launch and raise funding for the National Music Conservatory in Jordan.
• Became full-time executive vice president of corporate affairs to help prepare BET for an IPO.
• Launched and raised funding for BET’s Teen Summit, an Emmy-nominated show.
• Completed successful BET IPO in 1991 at roughly $500 million valuation.
• Sold BET to Viacom in 2000 for $2.3 billion in stock.

Age 51 to 75 (today)

• Founded Salamander Hospitality.
• Opened a French-style café in Middleburg in 2004.
• Won a multiyear battle with Middleburg city council in 2005 to build resort on 340 acres purchased years earlier.
• Remarried in 2005.
• Purchased ownership in an NBA team, NHL team, and WNBA team in 2005.
• Acquired resort in Summerville, South Carolina, in 2006, renovated the property, and sold it in 2010.
• Acquired resort and golf club in Palm Harbor, Florida, in 2007 and renovated the property.
• Opened Salamander Resort & Spa in Middleburg in 2013.
• Launched Middleburg Film Festival in 2013.
• Built or renovated properties in Jamaica, Colorado, and DC.

Sheila’s life has been full of personal and professional struggles. Her ability to march forward is amazing. No matter what happened in her life, she gained wisdom and kept moving forward.

Struggle is inevitable for entrepreneurs. Johnson’s story demonstrates the importance of not being paralyzed by circumstances and what’s possible when you focus on moving forward.

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